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CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF RUBBER
Rubber what is it? The name rubber was given to a mass of Caoutchouc in 1700 A.D. by Joseph Priestly, an English clergyman, because it would rub out pencil marks. In a strict sense rubber refers to a vegetable hydrocarbon of the chemical form...
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CHAPTER 2. HOW RUBBER IS PUT TO INDUSTRIAL USE
Contrary to the popular impression that rubber products are made by pouring melted latex into molds and left to cool and harden, the manufacture of these parts involves precise compounding followed by vulcanizing caused from exact control of temperature and pressure under molding. The merchandise turned out...
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CHAPTER 3. WHAT IS VULCANIZATION?
What is vulcanization of rubber polymers? This is the term used that describes the chemical reaction that takes place, in the presence of heat and pressure, at the time when the thermo flowing rubber mixture has become thermosetting. The process, when complete is irreversible and transforms the rubber compound in many ways...
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CHAPTER 4. MOLDING TECHNIQUES (PICTURES OF DIFFERENT TYPES)
Throughout the years many basic methods for transforming the rubber mixture into a usable shape as a vulcanized rubber compound have been used. In the instance of oil field products, great care should be taken in choosing of proper molding procedures. These will vary from the very simple flash type molds to the newer more sophisticated injection types...
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CHAPTER 5. HISTORY OF RUBBER IN THE OIL FIELD
It is a basic fact that rubber products for the oil field present many of the most difficult compounding tasks confronting the rubber industry. At best each formulation is an educated compromise based upon past experience, information garnered from a world of technical data concerning products designed for other industries and...
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CHAPTER 6. QUALITY AND RELIABILITY CONTROL OF MOLDED MECHANICAL GOODS FOR OIL FIELD USE
A. RUBBER ELASTOMERS
Of all the synthetic rubber elastomers produced none have been specifically designed for use in oil field applications. This is a very ironic phenomenon in that practically all synthetically produced rubber elastomers are manufactured from materials produced...
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B. SETTING SPECIFIC PROPERTIES FOR PRODUCTS TO USE AS DESIGN GUIDES (QUESTIONNAIRE)
In the design of any product, one of the first steps is to know what is expected of the product in performance and under what conditions it will be expected to perform. With rubber mechanical goods for the oil field...
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C. RETENTION OF PROPERTIES DURING ENVIRONMENTAL USE
Which properties, both physical and chemical, should be of the most concern to the rubber design engineer and oil tool design engineer? What do both really look for as an indication of compound reaction in the environment where it will work? The design properties at room temperature in the laboratory are set high enough to take care of plant production losses, but they only...
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D. RELIABILITY PRODUCTION
When the point has been reached where design specifications are available from the oil tool engineer, a choice has been made of the proper elastomer to use and all compound compromising has been accomplished, then it is time for...
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CHAPTER 7. SPECIAL TESTS
A. MOLD SHRINKAGE OF VARIOUS ELASTOMERS
It is becoming increasingly difficult, with the number of compounds that are available to the trade, to be able to design a mold with any semblance of accuracy due to the lack of presenting a clear idea of what direction to take in regard to mold shrinkage. Early laboratory work performed...
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B. GAS PERMEATION OF VARIOUS ELASTOMERS
The following covers the work done to improve a special compound to be used for producing tubing protectors. Formulations previously utilized and designed for other applications. Opportunities arose for additional...
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C. DESIGN OF PACKER ELEMENTS
Rubber products to be used in the oil field are among the most difficult to design. No base rubber has been specifically designed for use in the oil field and wells continue getting deeper and hotter with more hostile environments...
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1. Test results photographs on Packer Elements
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2. Charts depicting test results on Packer Elements
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APPENDIX & GLOSSARY OF TERMS
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